The Environment of Electronic Commerce Essay Example

The Environment of Electronic Commerce Essay Example The Environment of Electronic Commerce Paper The Environment of Electronic Commerce Paper These components have helped governments make the legitimate idea of ward in the physical world. Since the four components exist in to some degree various structures on the Internet, he locale decides that work so well in the physical world don't generally function admirably in the online world. 2. In around 300 words, portray the contrasts between topic locale and individual ward. * Subject-matter ward is a courts power to choose a specific sort of debate. For instance, in the IS. S, government courts have topic purview over issues administered by bureaucratic law, (for example, insolvency, copyright, patent and administrative assessment matters) and state courts have topic ward over issues represented by state laws, (for example, proficient permitting and state charge matters). In the event that the gatherings to an agreement are both situated in a similar express, a state court has topic ward over debates that emerge from the provisions of that agreement. The standards for deciding if a court has topic ward are clear and simple to apply. Not many debates emerge over topic purview. * Personal purview is, as a rule, controlled by the home of the gatherings. A court has individual purview over a case if the litigant is an occupant of the state wherein the court is found. In such cases, the assurance of individual purview is clear. Be that as it may, an out-of-state individual or partnership can likewise deliberately submit to the locale of a specific state court by consenting to do as such recorded as a hard copy or by taking certain activities in the state. 3. The focal points and inconveniences of giving business process licenses have been fervently bantered by legitimate researchers and representatives. One trade off proposition progressed by Jeff Bozos, author of Amazon. Com, is to permit the issuance of business licenses, however just permit them to be powerful for a brief timeframe, maybe a few years. In around 300 words, present intelligent ND authentic contentions that help the issuance of such constrained term business process licenses. * The business procedure patent, which ensures a particular arrangement Of methodology for directing a specific business movement, is very questionable. Numerous legitimate specialists and business scientists accept that the issuance of business process licenses gives the beneficiaries uncalled for syndication power and is an unseemly augmentation of patent law. In 1999, Amazon. Com sued Barnes and Noble for utilizing a procedure on its Web website that was like the I-click technique. The case was privately addressed any outstanding issues in 2002, however the terms f the settlement were not unveiled. In 2007, a government judge entered a last judgment of $30 million against eBay in a business procedure patent case. An organization that makes a business of purchasing licenses and endeavoring to upholding them, Merchantmen, had sue eBay for its utilization of a fixed value deals alternative that eBay calls Buy It Now. Galleons accepted that one of its licenses secured the instrument of offering a fixed value alternative in an online closeout. Commercial vessels is proceeding to press for a directive (notwithstanding the money related harms previously granted) that would forestall eBay from utilizing he highlight by any means. 4. Characterize item criticism. In a few sections, present a case of item vilification. A disparaging articulation is an explanation that is bogus and that harms the notoriety of someone else or organization. Item trashing is characterized as: if an abusive Statement harms the notoriety off item or administration rather than an individual. * In certain nations, even a valid and legit correlation of items may offer ascent to item derision. Since the distinction reasonable ana lysis and maligning can be difficult to decide, business Web locales ought to consider he explicit laws in their ward (and consider counseling a legal counselor) before making pessimistic, evaluative articulations about different people or items. . In around 300 words, clarify the possibility of nexus. For what reason is it a significant idea in state and universal tax collection? In what ways is it like ward? * A legislature obtains the ability to burden a business when that business builds up an association with the zone constrained by the administration. For instance, a business that is situated in Kansas has an association with the province of Kansas and is dependent upon Kansas charges. On the off chance that that numerous opens a branch in Arizona, it frames an association with Arizona and gets subject to Arizona charges on the segment of its business that happens in Arizona. This association between an expense paying substance and an administration is known as a nexus. The idea of nexus is comparable from multiple points of view to the idea of individual purview. The exercises that make nexus in the U. S. Are controlled by state law and along these lines shift from state to state. Its issues have been every now and again contested and the subsequent precedent-based law is genuinely intricate. Deciding nexus can be troublesome when an organization directs just a couple of exercises in or has negligible contact with the state. In such cases, its prudent for the organization to acquire the administrations of an expert assessment counsel. Organizations that work together in more than one nation face national nexus issues. In the event that an organization attempts adequate exercises in a specific nation, it builds up nexus with that nation and gets subject for filling expense forms for that nation. The laws and guidelines that decide national nexus are distinctive in every nation. Organizations will discover the administrations of an expert expense legal advisor or bookkeeper who has involvement with universal tax assessment to be important.

Teens And Problems Teens Must Deal With A Wide Variety Of Problems Whi

Adolescents and Problems Teens must arrangement with a wide assortment of issues which can be troublesome and upsetting. These issues can run from peer strain to managing kin. Vulnerabilities come at once in a high schooler's life when every adolescent is generally not prepared genuinely or intellectually to deal with these circumstances. Friend weight, guardians, and kin are three troublesome issues that defy youngsters. Companion pressure is one of the most widely recognized issues all things considered. At the point when an adolescent is new at a school and needs to pick up companions, youngsters frequently utilize misguided thinking in attempting to dazzle new individuals. So as to increase new companions, adolescents can engage in medications, smoking, and liquor. Ordinarily they do things that they could never have envisioned themselves doing before meeting another gathering of individuals. A few teenagers attempt to settle on the correct choice so others will like them. Having guardians or other mindful grown-ups they can go to for help or guidance is significant now in a teenager's life. 117

Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feasible Development - Essay Example Hypothetically, all formative exercises can be done in a totally feasible way, and that is not the slightest bit a thing that is difficult to accomplish. Be that as it may, the genuine situation is something entirely unexpected. With the end goal of effectively executing different estimates that are planned for realizing practical advancement numerous policy centered issues and different difficulties must be gone up against. In actuality, every single such issue are predominantly answerable for the present situation, where a great deal is as yet fixed in the domain (of maintainable turn of events) (1)Sustainable DevelopmentEven however the idea of feasible advancement is in fact a respectable one, yet, much advancement has not been shown, till date. Maybe, the central factor for this is, numerous individuals don't have an away from of the term. Generally speaking, the idea is somewhat uncertain, passing on various implications. (1)As referenced before, a few highest points and meetin gs planned for advancing manageable improvement have been occurring, on the International scene. For example, the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) appeared in the year 1992. Aside from the European Union, an aggregate of 192 nations were a piece of that show. After 10 years, in the year 2002, those areas gave a serious duty that the rate at which the Globe is losing its biodiversity would be diminished, over the resulting eight years. In any case, that didn't occur, as is obvious by the comparing situation., even as the year 2010 reached a conclusion. (1) The idea of supportable improvement has both a solid point and furthermore a weakness. Various political and monetary substances of the World have been welcomed on a typical stage, by feasible turn of events. That means the concept’s solid point. And yet, none of those gatherings have been fruitful in starting any down to earth strategies that generously contribute towards the reason for manageable turn of events. (3) Practical Development and Economy Numerous individuals are having the misguided judgment that, by holding fast to the standards of economical turn of events, a development economy can't be acknowledged, and that it prompts a consistent state economy. That is only a legend, and the accompanying would plainly clarify this. It should be noticed that practical improvement attempts to address the issues of the present, by completely keeping in see the prosperity of things to come. Here, the indispensable point worth referencing is that, every one of those necessities can be effectively met uniquely by accomplishing required financial development. Essentially, all the measures of this idea can be effectively actualized just when there is monetary success. To place the issue more or less, monetary development and supportability are firmly associated with one another. Also, fastidious adherence to the rules of the last would

What is Financial Aid Where Does It Come From

HomeFinanceFinancial aidWhat is Financial Aid And Where Does It Come From?This page may contain affiliate links.Dec 12, 2017What is financial aid? The answer is obviousmoney for college, right? Of course, you probably realize that it cant be as simple as that. And were sorry to be the ones to ruin a feel good moment, but saying college financial aid is simply money for college is about as meaningful as saying health care insurance is how you pay for your doctor. Yes, it can be a bit complicated. Lets Start With The Basics: What Is Financial Aid For College? College financial aid is money used to pay for college that does not come from the student or family when they pay the tuition bill. This leaves two other possible sources for paying the tuition bill. The first is money that comes from another source in the form of grants or scholarships. This is free or gift money used to pay the tuition. The second possibility is money that will come from the student or the family at a later time. Colleges will often refer to this kind of college financial aid as self-help aid. This is what the rest of us call loans or jobs (work-study.) The loan is coming from someone else to pay the tuition now but you will be expected to pay the loan at a later date. Obviously not the preferable form of financial aid. College financial aid refers to both gift money (free money) and loans. Where Does Financial Aid Come From? College financial aid can come from a variety sources. The largest source of financial aid comes from the federal government. Federal aid is pretty much dominated by student loans. Federal student loans are by far the major component of federal financial aid. Pell grants for needy students come in second at 15%*. Colleges themselves provide the largest source of free money for financial aid. In 2016 17, colleges awarded $46.1B* to students compared to $58.1B* from the federal government. There are also outside scholarships for students. These are awarded by private foundations such as the Gate Foundation or various community groups like the Rotary Club. Businesses and occupational organizations also offer scholarships to qualified students. Ultimately, the percentage of money from outside scholarships is pretty small compared to that from the colleges themselves or the federal government. States generally have a variety of financial aid programs consisting of grants and loans. The average amount available varies dramatically from state to state. How Do You Get Financial Aid? The requirement for the vast majority of financial aid is to compete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA.) Students submit the FAFSA in October of their senior year in high school. The federal government along with many state governments, use the FAFSA to determine the students eligibility for financial aid. The majority of colleges also use the FAFSA to award financial aid. There are over 200 colleges that require students to complete a different financial aid application, called the PROFILE, to qualify for financial aid from the school. This means that students will have to submit two forms if they want to be considered for financial aid from federal sources as well as from the college. Outside scholarships will all have their own application forms. Therefore, the number of forms students have to complete for financial aid will depend on the number of outside scholarships they decide to apply for.

Humanistic Perspective and Addiction Essay - 1420 Words

Tia Gardner September 21, 2012 Humanistic Perspective and Addiction There are several theories of addiction. All of them are imperfect. All are partial explanations. It is for this reason that it is important to be aware of and question addiction theories. One contemporary psychoanalytical view of substance abuse is that it is a defense against anxiety (Thombs D 2006). Addicts often abuse alcohol and other substances to guard against anxiety and other painful feelings like shame, guilt, loneliness and depression. Psychological problems including substance abuse disorders are viewed as a result of inhibited ability to make authentic, meaningful, and self directed choices about how to live. The†¦show more content†¦Is there some genetic difference that perhaps allows some to realize when an elevated blood alcohol level has been reached and transmits a message to the brain to stop drinking that others do not have? These questions have not been clearly answered and are under persistent investigation. Among the numerous definitions for addiction, there lies yet another to define it from a biochemical perspective. Milkman (1983) defines it as â€Å"self-induced changes in neurotransmission that result in social problem behaviors. This definition encompasses the psychological, biochemical and social aspects of addictive processes. It is not limited to substance abuse and can be applied to any activity characterized by compulsion, loss of control and continuation of the substance despite harm. This has helped investigators gain a better understanding of the nature of addiction. It has been shown that individuals turn to drugs that elicit a mood or level of arousal consistent with their mode of dealing with stress. Those who deal with stress by confrontation choose drug stimulants. Those who withdrawal from stress chooses opiate drugs. Others who deal with stress through activities related to imagery or fantasy turn to hallucinogens. These differences between behavior and drug preference are thought to be biochemically driven. Although I primarily favor a synthesisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Psychological Perspectives M21316 Words   |  6 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES M2 I am going to look at how the humanistic and the biological approaches are used in health and social care practices and how they are applied to service provision, comparing the similarities and differences for each approach. The biological approach is being used in health care a lot more now we are more aware and knowledgeable on the brain and the nervous system. Scientists can now look at the brain through MRI and PET scans to see the effects of brain damage, diseaseRead MorePsychological Perspectives of Smoking Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological perspectives of smoking This essay will consider how each of the 5 psychological perspectives explain smoking. I will cover the psychodynamic, the behaviouristic, the biological, the cognitive and the humanistic approach. Psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach views behaviour in terms of past childhood experiences, and the influence of unconscious processes. There are five psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory, the first being the oral stage during which the infantRead MoreMiss997 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 29: Assignment Explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours Case study -Addiction Ben is a 22 year old and works as a photographer. He drinks a lot and goes to parties every single weekend with his friends. Ben has also started using heroin and became addicted to it while trying it out because of his friends. He grew up with his mum and had tough childhood as his mum is a single mum and also was addicted to alcoholRead MoreThe Psychological Perspectives Of Ariel Castro1092 Words   |  5 PagesCastro left his home in Cincinnati, Ohio, he did not lock the front door, and Amanda Berry, one of the four victims, was able to get help and once in for all stop the forever torture she and the other three sufferers. Through the psychological perspectives, Ariel Castro’s heinous crimes will be analyzed. Ariel Castro committed these monstrous atrocities because of his childhood abuse and recent events. Ariel Castro suffered through wicked torture at the hands of his mother and neighbor. AccordingRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychic Energy887 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficulties, sexual issues or low self-esteem. Phobias, social shyness and difficulties sleeping are further examples of areas that could be addressed within psychoanalytic therapy. The humanistic approach was a reaction to Freuds theory, humanistic psychologists criticized his theory stating it was to pessimistic. Humanistic theory emphasizes conscious awareness of needs, personal responsibility of the individual and choices (Lahey, 2009). Rogers and Maslow pointed their attention to two main things ‘self-concept’Read MoreContemporary Approaches Of Psychology And How They Interpret Drug Use897 Words   |  4 Pagestheories in psychology include Biological, Behavioral Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Sociocultural. These seven contemporary approaches allow us to interpret the behavior of individuals. Each perspective makes certain assumptions about human behavior. For this analysis we will review the behavioral and sociocultural approaches in psychology and compare how they interpret drug use. THe Behavioral perspective believes that our behavior is the result of the environment we are inRead MorePsychology of Drug Abuse Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdrugs in the first place? In this research essay, I will discuss how each one of the major school of psychology perspectives could attempt to explain a person would abuse drugs, and with that information in hand I will determine how a modern day psychologist could take this information and approach this problem. The first perspective on this question is Humanistic Psychology. Humanistic Psychology‘s approach to understand why people abuse drugs begins with looking into a person’s inner self. CarlRead MoreAlcoholism Is A Severe Disease That Affects Many People Around The World1144 Words   |  5 Pagesvery emotional under the influence rather than aggressive. Perspectives of Addiction The psychodynamic perspective states that people with addiction are usually self- medicating to compensate inner emotions without success. They believe that if there was any childhood trauma or things left untreated they would come out as adults and mental health concerns will arise, such as addiction (Heshmat, 2014). According to the psychodynamic perspective on alcoholism, the subject more than likely drinks becauseRead MoreEvaluate The Theory Of Motivation From Humanistic Perspective Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate the theory of motivation from the Humanistic perspective. By Marialena Posteraro Throughout this paper evaluation of motivation from a Humanistic perspective will be examined. Motivation is the drive within humans that makes us act, it is a process that influences goal directed behavior. Drives are considered internal factors that push an organism into action. Throughout our lives, we have certain drives within us that motivate us to behave and act in a certain way to fulfill ourRead MoreVisiting a Homeless Shelter Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesmost of the African Americans came to us; they felt as though they could identify with us most, because of the pigment of our skin. I had several conversations with the homeless people. Most people were homeless because they had some form of addiction, which led them to making bad decisions. Some of them were homeless because they had been arrested and they had nowhere to go at the end of their jail term. A few people were homeless because they had been laid off from their jobs, which resulted

Analysis of the Salem Witch Trials - 2099 Words

History generally regards the period of Salem witchcraft trials as a radical instatement of religious zeal which favored superstition over reason and targeted a large number of women over a much smaller number of men. Admittedly, the 1692 witchcraft crisis is a very complex historical episode, yet seeing as the majority of the people involved were women, it can be perceived as a gender issue, and illustrative for the definition of the role of women in New England. The present works aim is to outline the colonial mindset concerning women and present relevant theories by means of analyzing three cases of witchcraft accusation together with delving into the accusers perspective. The Puritans that comprised the colony of Salem, Massachusetts, were extremely religious, attributing biblical meaning to all aspects of their lives and being accustomed to personify the devil (Kocić, 2010). Specifically, church elders strongly believed that their congregation was superlatively righteous and for this reason the devil would try to target it with attacks in all forms, hence it was impressed upon the community to be vigilant against any signs of his presence. Such signs were subject to interpretation, yet they were generally concentrated on negative events which occurred unexplainably in the colony, for instance in the eventuality of a crop failure, stillborn children, or serious disease of an unknown nature. Common perception identified a witch as someone who bonded their body andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Salem Witch Trials 1131 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the 1300s to early 1600 the â€Å"witch craze† (Blumberg) struck Europe accusing many of being wi tches. In 1889 King William of England pronounced a war with France in the American colonies known as King William’s War. The war hit regions of New York, Nova Scotia, and Quebec, sending refugees to the Essex County and Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This caused the spread of hysteria from Europe to the American colonies. Accusations of witches drove Salem, Massachusetts into a state ofRead MoreSix Women Of Salem Book Review1124 Words   |  5 PagesYasmin Valdez 11/23/15 History 1302 Book Review â€Å"Six Women of Salem† Book Review, By Marilyne K. Roach Marilynne K. Roach is a resident of Watertown, Massachusetts. She went on to graduate with a BFA from MCA (Massachusetts College of Art) but she uniquely gives credit to the public library systems for the rest of her education. This is very interesting to me because she says that libraries are what she owes to her education to. Because of all the books she reads she later turns out to be a greatRead MoreSalem Witch Hysteria And Trials1620 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Witch Hysteria and Trials Joshua Furman History 121: Early America to the Civil War Dr. Phillip Hamilton November 18, 2015  The Salem Witch Trial consisted of heinous accusations implicated by Cotton Mather which effected society as a hole and gave reasoning to the numerous amount of witch stories we hear today. Cotton Mather was the eldest son of Increase Mather, Massachusetts most influential and well known Puritan minister, and the grandson of John Cotton, Salem’s spiritualRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692941 Words   |  4 PagesA. Plan of the investigation The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a dark and very crucial time in American history. The late sixteen hundreds consisted of relying on young girls for the truth; but to what extent did the puritan’s religion and culture have in the proceedings of the Salem Witch Trials? A focus on the religion that the puritans believed in and their culture will be discussed. Also, how their faith turned them against those who were accused of witchcraft. It is also neededRead MoreSalem Witch Trials975 Words   |  4 Pagespeople of Salem, Massachusetts, however they struggled to do so. Salem faced a major change as a result of the Puritan ambition. Because of their thought on the ideal community as a straitlaced society, those who portrayed an imperfect model were to be isolated. Suspicion flooded the holy Puritan town, and led to accusations of innocent people. After a close analysis, it may be relevant to look at the Puritan belief system as a possible catalyst for the events th at occurred during the Salem witch trialsRead MoreThe Witches : Suspicions, Betrayals And Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbetrayals and hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials. In 1692, the commonwealth of Massachusetts executed five men, fourteen women, and two dogs for witchcraft. One might wonder how and why this Puritan colony became so caught up in this witch frenzy. In this book she is able to paint a clear picture of the panic that occurred among the people of Salem. â€Å"In three hundred years, we have not adequately penetrated nine months of Massachusetts history.If we knew more about Salem, we might attend to it lessRead MoreThe Impact Of The Salem Witch Trials1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe myths surrounding the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 spike the interest of historians and non-academics alike. These trials have been the concern of different historical articles, novels, plays, films, and even religious debates. One issue that is certain, is the hysteria of the community overwhelmed Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 and 1693. A particular primary source, â€Å"Accounts of the Salem Witchcraft Trials (1693)† by Cotton Mather, suggests that the actions brought forth provided proof of satanicRead MoreThe Moral Complexity Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1681 Words   |  7 Pagesback home. The characters Hawthorne chooses have some relation to either the trials or the Christian way of life. Back in the middle 1900s, the society r elied heavily on the church. During the time of the trials, many were accused of witchcraft if for no other reason than because they did not â€Å"fit† the norm of society. If a person was not seen as â€Å"normal† in their society they were not accepted. Society during the trials believed that any absence of church rules came from the devil. Because societyRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials869 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore us. This causes us to neglect to face the corruption present in our own lives. Most people can recall when they first learned about the Salem Witch trials that occurred in 1693 because they were shocked and horrified that the townspeople let these events take place and spiral. What people do not realize is that they are like the townspeople in Salem, Massachusetts and similar injustices and dangerous abuses of power in the name of government and religion are happening right around them nowRead MoreThe Outbreak Of Witchcraft Accusations Of 1692 In Salem, 1730 Words   |  7 Pages The outbreak of witchcraft accusations of 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts was a devastating period for those involved in the crisis. Because of the random and frequent witchcraft accusations made throughout the time of the trials, the reoccurring characteristics that were often indicative of an individual’s likelihood of being accused of witchcraft were not always consistent. In John Demos’s book Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England he includes a diagram containing

Languages On Smalltalk Programming Language -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Languages Based On Smalltalk Programming Language? Answer: Introduction Smalltalk programming language is considered to be a very unique language which is to be considered by programmers. This report discusses about the programming language known as Smalltalk and also discusses about the key aspects and concepts which are also included in Smalltalk. The history of Smalltalk involves the inclusion of the first embodied object orientation in languages. Before the discovery of it, there were other types of languages like Clu and Simula. The use of Smalltalk led to the use of various object oriented concepts like object, class, economics, method and inheritance. This led to the discovery of more modern languages like C++ and Java. This report also includes a general discussion of the concepts of the language. The concepts of language development are also discussed in this paper. Moreover, the overview of the language and the evaluation of the language have been shown in this report. Lastly, this report also discusses an assessment of the language. Language development This section of the report discusses about the development of the language and its relevant topics. Developer/Designer There is much amount of Smalltalk language variants. The first version of the language was made in the year 1980. The first version of the language was made due to the research adopted by Alan Kay at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center(PARC). In addition, Adele Goldberg was responsible for documenting them and Dan Ingalls was responsible for implementing the early versions of the language (Coupland, 2014). Furthermore, a similar variant of the language known as the Smalltalk-72 was made which introduced the use of Actor model. However, the syntax and the model of execution were considered to be different than the modern versions of the language. Time period After applying various revision, the Smalltalk-76 was introduced which froze some of the application semantics. The system also included a development environment which consisted of the modern tools used along with class library code editor (Bracha Ungar, 2015). Moreover, for adding the purpose of object-oriented programming, the Smalltalk-80 added the concept of metaclasses. This helped in associating behaviors and properties with various individual classes along with the primitive values as well for creating instances. The first variant of the language was the first version of Smalltalk-80. It was given for peer review to various firms and Universities as well. After a certain period of time, the second version of the same variant was released this was supposed to be platform-independent (Calla et al., 2013). It also included a virtual machine implementation of the language. After the year 1998, the ANSI Smalltalk has been the reference programming language for this case. Domain and category The Smalltalk programming language was made by utilizing the Simula concepts. It is also considered as one of the most influential object oriented programming languages. The concept of Smalltalk helped to introduce the various programming languages like Objective-C, Java, CLOS and Python (Allende et al., 2014). The main category of rapid and iterative environment was utilized by the Smalltalk programming language. Along with this, Smalltalk programming language was also considered to be associated with rapid prototyping, agile methods and software pattern prototyping. The Smalltalk-80 programming language consists of various components. The functionalities that are included in a computer system are usually considered in the Smalltalk programming language (Fabry Galdames, 2014). This includes file system management, automation in storage management, display handling, keyboard and pointing device input, text and picture editing, debugger, performance spy, compiler and processor scheduling. Motivation and Intended use In the modern world of the computing environment, the Smalltalk programming language has emerged from the ARPA funded research (Nistor et al., 2013). Using the environment of the Smalltalk programming language, working prototypes of various sub-factors like the GUSs, hypertext, mouse, tele-presence and the multimedia have been developed. This has been developed in the year 1960. The environment of Smalltalk programming language was considered to be the first to develop the design patterns of software languages. The most popular one among these is the Modelviewcontrollerpattern which is used for designing the user interface (Mernik, 2013). The pattern of this controller is used to get multiple views of the underlying data and is considered to be efficient for software development methods involving various views. In addition, the development of computer games can also be made utilizing the Smalltalk programming language. Furthermore, the Smalltalk programming language was also influential in the discovery of the GUI interface (Graphical User Interface) and theWhat You See Is What You Get(WYSIWYG) interface. In addition, it was also influential in developing font editors and desktop metaphors for designing of the UI (Jones Noble, 2014). For considering the development of integrated development environment, the Smalltalk programming language was considered to be effective due to the presence of the built-in debugging and the object inspection tools. This led to the discovery of the Lisp Machine environment. Language overview This section of the report discusses about the overview of the Smalltalk programming language. Implementation method The implementation of the Smalltalk programming language includes using the object oriented programming aspects. In a similar manner, an object is used to represent a component of it. These include characters, numbers, dictionaries, queues, file directories, text editors, compilers, programs, computations and financial histories (Dennis, Wixom Tegarden, 2015). It consists of an operation set and private memory. The type of the object is used to determine the nature of the process. For example, the objects which denote numbers are used to specify arithmetic functions. In a similar manner, the objects which denote characters or string operations can be used to denote character or string related operations. The code that is used to perform the tasks are considered as messages. For example, the objects that represent numbers can be sent messages for performing any arithmetic functions (Zeigler, 2014). Similarly, the receiver which performs the task also receives the message. The process of computing is denoted as an intrinsic ability of objects that can be invoked by transmitting of messages. The object responds to them by creating interface. The interface is termed as the only way to communicate with an object. In the Smalltalk programming language, an object can be utilized for doing three various things. These are holding the state which can be used to reference to other objects, receive messages from it or any other objects and send message to itself or other objects. Similarly, in the Smalltalk programming language, the primitive data types like boolean, integer or characters are also termed as objects (Miranda Bra, 2016). This is normally denoted when they are termed as instances of a class and they are being invoked by any operations. This report includes a discussion of the data types which is listed below. 7 "a number" $z "a character" 'colourless ideas sleep furiously' "a string" #(#tom #dick #harry) "an array of 3 components" #(# one 'should shower at least' 3 'times a week') This line of codes shows different data types and variables. The texts which are under quotes are termed as comments and these will not be executed in the compiler. # before any string is used to define a symbol. Moreover, an array is made by denoting the variables in the format depicted above. Due to licensing problems, the original system of the Smalltalk-80 was termed as expensive which was accountable for its unavailability to the community (Felgentreff et al., 2016). It was only available for universities and research works but lacked the ability to be used by commoners. Due to this, the developers of the Smalltalk programming language grouped together to form a portable and efficient virtual machine. This is termed as Squeak and is also considered as public domain software. This made it very easy to run programs using Squeak language and thus, the utilization of the Smalltalk programming language was achieved by mostly all low to large size programmers. A sample program using the Smalltalk programming language is depicted below: Transcript show: 'Hello, World!'; cr. Features of the language There are various features of the Smalltalk programming language. The first is the object-oriented programming and every component is termed as an object. The objects are connected to itself or any other object by sending messages. This helps in achieving the required behavior of the applications (Wertz, 2015). In addition, it also consists of execution semantics and concise syntax. The system of the Smalltalk programming language consists of various components like compiler, debugging tools, programming code which can be read and modified. The next feature of the Smalltalk programming language is the framework of the UI. The graphical objects are termed to be interactive and tangible (Calla et al., 2014). This helps in adopting application development by undertaking low effort and short feedback loops. Thus, the text based domain can be changed into a graphical interface using this. The third feature of the Smalltalk programming language is the adoption of powerful tooling features. This utilizes the adoption of tools which can be used for writing, browsing, versioning and executing the program codes (Kim, Nicolas Nishio, 2014). In addition, there can be multiple sessions of debugging tools which can be run concurrently. The fourth feature of the Smalltalk programming language is that it can be used for web development. It also provides layered abstraction sets over HTML and HTTP that helps in building various web based applications that can be reused and maintained quickly (Denker et al., 2018). This is mainly due to the fact that the program codes are very easily readable. Rules of Smalltalk programming language There can be no reserved words No presence of control structure No operators and No built-in types Concepts of Smalltalk programming language Every type in the programming language is termed as a class which is not primitive type Every expression is termed as a message expression The following code is used to send a cr (carriage return) this is a message to the transcript object Transcript cr. This line of code transmits a message to the transcript Transcript show: 'hello world The output of this program denotes the display of hello world in the screen. Sample programming codes depicting the features of Smalltalk | myVar myVar2 | " Variable Definition" myVar := SampleClass new. "Create Instance of Class Sample Class. new is simple method call on object SampleClass not special operator Everything is object" myVar setSample: 1. "call method setSample: with one parameter" myVar setSample: 2 with: 3. "call method setSample:with: with two parameters" "metod chaning java myVar.getAnotherObjekt().callThisObjectWith(23)" myVar getAnotherObjekt callThisObjectWith: 23. "Now Blocks" myVar isRead ifTrue: [Transcpript show: 'I am Ready'] ifFalse: [Transcript show: 'Not Ready'] "Or somethig like C operator ? : " myVar := myVar isRead ifTrue: [1] ifFalse: [2] "Collection" myVar := Array new "Write Collection on stdout" myVar do: [:each | Transcript show: each printString]. "Blocks are also objects. That can take parameters. see also Ruby language" "Blocks can be used do define new control stuctures or something like handlers" myVar := [:par1 | Transcript show: par1]. "Evalute Block." myVar value: 2. "same as" [:par1 | Transcript show: par1] value: 2 "method cascading" myVar method1; method2; method3 "equal to" myVar method1. myVar method2. myVar method3 These programming codes are used to write long codes. The texts that are wrapped in quotes are termed as comments. Style of the language There are certain rules and guidelines of the Smalltalk programming language. The first feature style of the language is that the codes are termed to be very readable and compact. The next feature of it is that it can be dynamically typed. This helps in denoting the definition of the expression at run-time (Ege, 2014). The next programming style conveyed is that the scope of the program is considered to be static. Lastly, the inheritance model of the programming language is termed to be singular in nature. This is the main point of difference between the Smalltalk programming language and the Java programming language. Language Evaluation This section of the report discussed about the evaluation of the Smalltalk programming language. Basic OOP concepts and terminology The main concepts of the Smalltalk programming language includes objects, fields, OOPs, classes, methods, messages, inheritance, receiver, dynamic binding. The object in the Smalltalk programming language is very similar to the other object oriented programming languages like Java or C++. The objects are stored in memory which also includes various reference fields (Brauer, 2015). The objects can be used to point to it or to any other objects. In addition, these objects are termed as instances of classes. Each business every object is used to belong to exactly one class. The hierarchy of the classes is considered to be tree-shaped such that each class consists of exactly one super class. Methods are similar to functions which are applied to any specific object. The methods are used to call the objects for performing various related operations. The method is different from the messages. A method is used to call the objects so that a certain operation can be done. A message involves sending an instruction (Sowa, 2014). Methods can return an argument whereas the messages cannot. The methods usually consist of executable program codes. |newPerson| newPerson := Person new. newPerson setName:'Miller'. newPerson setFirstName:'Fred'. Object model The objects can consist of one or more than one fields. The filed in Smalltalk programming language can also be termed as instance variable. An object can consist of several instance variables. In addition, each of the field consists of primitive values. There is also one type of primitive data type known as the Small Integer. It is stored as a 31-bit integer with twos complement value or signed integer value (Besset, 2015). As the data types uses 31 bits, the range of the values are -1,073,741,824 to +1,073,741,823. The arithmetic overflow results in automated promotions to precision arithmetic which results in correct output. The Smalltalk programming language is supposed to be an un-typed language. This means that the compiler does not have any idea about the return type of a variable. Any type of variable may represent a pointer or a small integer. Similarly, the same variable can be used to denote both small integer and pointer (Bidve Sarasu, 2016). This is mainly because a single bit in a 32-bit word is supposed to represent the tag bit. The least significant bit in a variable containing a pointer will be 0 and the least significant bit of the word containing a small integer is 1. In the Smalltalk programming language, the primitive types are considered to be the first class objects. There is one single class known as the small integer and when a new method is added to it, it can be used in the same process as any other method. In addition, we can also send messages to the small integers (Brorsson, Eriksson Gustafsson, 2017). At the runtime of the program code, the virtual machine or the interpreter can differentiate between pointers and small integers by considering the tag bit. If a pointer value is denoted, a process of normal binding is used. On the other hand, if small integer value is found, then the virtual machine looks up for a method named small integer in the class and executes it. The objects consist of headers. These headers consists of information that is used to deduce the objects class, size pertaining to the object, the hash code related to the object, format of it and the extra bits that are used for garbage collectors (Robbes, Rthlisberger Tanter, 2015). The header inputs are followed by many fixed fields which are in turn followed by various index able fields. After these bits, they are followed by raw bytes of data. Message sending syntax The syntax of the Smalltalk programming language is very complex and needs to describe the role of messages. For each execution of the message send, there is a receiver with an argument. The arguments can be zero or can be more than zero. There are three different syntax forms of the Smalltalk programming language (Xinogalos, 2015). They are the unary syntax, binary syntax and the keyword syntax. The unary message sending syntax is used when there is no presence of arguments. An example of the unary operation is depicted below: x reset "a message-send in Smalltalk" The quotes are used to describe comments which help in easy understanding of the associated program code. In the example shown above, x is termed as a and the reset keyword is termed as message (Roberts et al., 2017). There is no such syntax for sending message. It is only considered as concatenation. In other types of object oriented languages, the variables and the messages are separated by commas and braces to denote methods. There are various examples of the unary syntax operations: 25 factorial 25 is the receiver factorial is the selector returns 15511210043330985984000000 'Cat in the hat' size returns 14 12 printString returns 12 (a string) 20 asNumber returns 20 (an integer) For the binary syntax message, a first class sending syntax is adopted. In this type of syntax operation, there are two different variables which are utilized in operations. In the example denoted below, x and y is termed as two different variables and the name of the message is termed as +. x + y In addition, in the binary syntax messages, there is no need for pre-assuming the class of the receiver. It can be any small integer or float variable or any other types of user-defined class (Coupland, 2014). Moreover, the binary messages include only one argument. This can be any characters or sequence of characters. The possible example are +, *, =, ==. The binary messages are executed from left to right. 1 + 2 * 3 * 4 + 5 * 6Is executed as ((((1 + 2) * 3) * 4) + 5) * 6 The last type of syntax message is the keyword message. An example of the keyword message syntax is depicted below. x addKey: a value: b "Smalltalk" In this example, there are two different arguments denoted by a and b. The name of the message is addKey. There is a colon in the message name which is only used in case of the keyword syntax operations. The colon is used to denote the syntax operation of the keyword message. The name of the message cannot be termed as one contiguous token and when the message is used, the name of the message will be spread by intervening with the expressions of the argument (Bracha Ungar, 2015). The syntax of the operation is denoted by one message sending with ony one receiver and two different arguments. As the number of arguments is two in this case, the use of colon is adopted for determining the syntax operation of the keyword messages. 'this is a string' copyFrom: 1 to: 7 'this is a string' is the receiver copyFrom:to: is one selector with two keywords 1 and 7 are the arguments returns 'this is' For four arguments, the syntax is 'this is a string' findString: 'string' startingAt: 4 ignoreCase: true useWildcards: false 'this is a string' is the receiver findString:startingAt:ignoreCase:useWildcards: is one selector string, 4, true, false are the arguments returns (11 to: 16) Smalltalk syntax The syntax operations used for the Smalltalk programming languages are termed to be m ore simpler and easy to be used. In addition, the execution of the program can be done by using the top-down algorithm of parsing (Calla et al., 2013). Similar to this, there are various considerations to the transcript related messages. The various messages that are used to denote transcript operations are listed below: clear the Transcript show: aString display aString in the Transcript print: anObject display a string representation of anObject in the Transcript nextPutAll: aString add aString to the display buffer endEntry put contents of display buffer in Transcript empty the buffer flush Same as endEntry tab cr space crtab crtab: anInteger put given character in the display buffer Language assessment The programming language was responsible for contributing to the development of the software industry. The Smalltalk programming languages helped in developing the virtual machine which helps in adopting platform-independent concepts in software development. This type of technology is being used by Java and .NET. The language was also involved in discovering the just-in-time compilation which helps in improving the software performance. Utilizing this programming language, the discovery of the integrated development environment was initiated (Fabry Galdames, 2014). This involved text editors and class browsers and even debuggers. The language also includes closures which are considered as first-class functions. Closures are termed as callback functions which were responsible for determining the location of the local variables at the time of defining. Smalltalk introduced the MVC (model-view-controller) which is used for implementing the user interfaces. In addition, it is also accountable for producing test-driven development and extreme programming. The main features of the language are image-based persistence and object oriented programming (Nistor et al., 2013). In addition, live programming concept is adopted. It also includes advanced techniques for debugging and an uncluttered IDE interface. The Smalltalk programming languages was also responsible for developing object based databases. For example, the GemStone/S is still a object database which can be scaled to meet the performance demands. It was also responsible for the development of the refactoring browser. Furthermore, the development of the GUI and WYSIWYG has also been initiated by the Smalltalk programming languages. Conclusion The major advantage of the Smalltalk programming language is that it reduces the problems evident in other object oriented programming languages. There can be no evidence of distracting features or syntactical clutters. This also helps in understanding the object oriented language at a different perspective. In addition, the object oriented concept utilizes the basics of the programming by using methods or classes, reflection and message passing. Moreover, the Smalltalk programming language is also effective in processing as an instructional language. This is the main reason for making the language a popular choice for programmers. This report includes a discussion about the development of the Smalltalk programming language. The various concepts corresponding to this discussion is also included in this report. This report also includes a discussion about the overview of the language and the various other concepts pertaining to it. Moreover, this report also includes the evaluation of the language and the assessment of it for providing a general idea for the language. Lastly, this report concludes by showing the further advantages of the language. References Allende, E., Calla, O., Fabry, J., Tanter, ., Denker, M. (2014). Gradual typing for Smalltalk.Science of Computer Programming,96, 52-69. Besset, D. H. (2015). Object-Oriented Implementation of Numerical Methods An Introduction with Smalltalk. Bidve, V. S., Sarasu, P. (2016). Tool for measuring coupling in object-oriented java software.International Journal of Engineering and psychology,8(2), 812-820. Bracha, G., Ungar, D. (2015). 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